Ch 22 Functional Groups

(40)Give the IUPAC name for each compound. Hint




22.1 Hydrocarbons

(37)Draw condensed structural formulas for pentane and hexane. Assume that the C ― H and C ― C bonds are understood. Hint

(38)Name the alkanes that have the following molecular or structural formulas.Hint

1.




CH3CH2CH3
2.


CH3(CH2)6CH3
3.


(39)Draw structures for the alkyl groups derived from methane, ethane, and propane. Hint


(41)Why are alkane molecules nonpolar? Hint
22.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

(42)Give a systematic name for these alkenes. Hint

1.

CH3CH = CH2
2.

3.

4.

(43)Name and draw a structural formula for each alkene with the molecular formula C5H10. Hint
22.3 Isomers

(44)Draw and name all the structural isomers with the molecular formula C6H14. (You may wish to draw only the carbon skeletons.) Hint

(45)Draw one structural isomer of each compound. Hint

1.

2.

(46)Draw a structural formula or carbon skeleton for each of the following alkenes. If cis and trans forms are present, include both forms. Hint

1.

2-pentene
2.

2-methyl-2-pentene
3.

3-ethyl-2-pentene

(47)Do all molecules have optical isomers? Explain. Hint

(48)Can you draw a structural isomer of hexane (C6H14) that has an asymmetric carbon? Explain.Hint
22.4 Hydrocarbon Rings

(49)Draw a structural formula for each compound. Hint

1.

1,4-diethylbenzene
2.

2-methyl-3-phenylpentane
3.

1,3-dimethylbenzene

(50)Explain why both of these structures represent 1,2-diethylbenzene. Hint

22.5 Hydrocarbons From Earth’s Crust

(51)How are catalysts used in petroleum refining? Hint

(52)Rank these materials in order of increasing hardness: bituminous coal, peat, lignite, and anthracite coal.Hint

(53)What happens to the sulfur when coal burns?Hint
Understanding Concepts

(54)Why are the following names incorrect? What are the correct names? Hint

1.

2-dimethylpentane
2.

1,3-dimethylpropane
3.

3-methylbutane
4.

3,4-dimethylbutane

(55)For each hydrocarbon shown, identify the type of covalent bonds and name the compound.Hint

(56)Write structural formulas for these compounds.

1.

propyneHint
2.

cyclohexaneHint
3.

2-phenylpropaneHint
4.

2,2,4-trimethylpentaneHint

(57)Name the next three higher homologs of ethane. Hint

(58)Compare geometric and optical isomers.Hint

(59)Draw electron dot structures for each compound.

1.

etheneHint
2.

propane Hint
3.

ethyne Hint
4.

cyclobutane Hint

(60)Write an equation for the combustion of octane. Hint

(61)Compare these three molecular structures. Which would you expect to be most stable? Why? Hint

(62)The seven organic chemicals produced in the largest amounts in the United States in a recent year are listed in the table below. Answer the following questions based on the data given. Hint

1.

How many billion kilograms of aromatic compounds were produced?
2.

Of the total mass of all seven compounds produced, what percent by mass was made up of aliphatic compounds?

(63)Are these two structures geometric isomers? Explain your answer. Hint

(64)Use the labeled features in the molecular structure to answer the following questions.